This is not quite a spherical cow and there is something to be learned here, but really, I'd like to see this with<p>- non-square-grid cities with highways, public transport, …<p>- realistic synthetic populations doing non-random destination selection (nobody randomly goes to a supermarket at the other end of a city, after all)<p>- actual traffic simulation with jams (or at least using real traffic data)<p>and then evaluate both the energy use and travel times. That being said, doing this kind of thing, e.g. with ActivitySim, even for one real city, is quite a bit of work.