I wrote this. I had/have absolutely no expectation that Flock would comply with my request, but figured I should try anyway For Science. Their reply rubbed me wrong, though. They seem to claim that there are no restrictions on their collection and processing of PII because other people pay them for it. They say:<p>> Flock Safety’s customers own the data and make all decisions around how such data is used and shared.<p>which seems to directly oppose the CCPA. It's <i>my</i> data, not their customers'.<p>Again, I didn't really expect this to work. And yet, I'm still disappointed with the path by which it didn't work.
They were saying "don't write to us, talk to the people who own the cameras and ask them to delete the data". A company that manufactures video cameras is not the one to talk to when someone records you, talk to the person who recorded you.<p>But a reasonable person would say -- the data is stored on Flock servers, not with the camera owners. And Flock would say, just because we sell data storage functionality to camera owners doesn't mean we own the data, anymore than a storage service you rent a space from owns what you put in that space.<p>But then an even more reasonable person would say: the infrastructure is designed in such a way as to create inadvertent sharing, and the system has vulnerabilities that compromise the data, so Flock has responsibility for setting up the system in such a way that it's basically designed to violate privacy.<p>And <i>that</i> is the main criticism of Flock. You need to have a more nuanced criticism. It would be really interesting to see this litigated.
AFAIK Flock owns the cameras and leases them out [0].<p>[0] <a href="https://www.flocksafety.com/blog/flock-safety-does-my-neighborhood-need-flock-security-cameras" rel="nofollow">https://www.flocksafety.com/blog/flock-safety-does-my-neighb...</a>
But the data collected is property of the government and flock is not allowed to use that data for additional business gain (according to their statements)...<p>So they can't sell the fact that you're at Target at 8:00 p.m. on Thursday to anybody... Nor build profiles to sell to advertisers... And if that's the case that's very similar to cloud storage vendors.<p>If I access hacker news, and the record of my visit is stored in an AWS S3 bucket, I can't submit to AWS to delete my visitor record, even though the server, network cards, wires, and storage medium are AWS property, it was hacker news' website that generated that record and their responsibility to take my request to delete it.. AWS' stance would rightly be "talk to the website operator for CCPA requests"
The AWS analogy breaks down because AWS doesn't encourage customers to pool their S3 buckets into a nationwide searchable index.<p>Flock operates a federated network. If you drive past an unmarked camera, you have absolutely no way of knowing which specific HOA or town leased it so how are you realistically supposed to know who the "data controller" is to send your ccpa or deletion request to?
I don’t care. I don’t care who owns the data. If I can’t easily get private information like my movements removed from a database like this, the legislation does not sufficiently protect me.<p>It should <i>absolutely</i> be Flock’s responsibility to remove my data and we should absolutely require it by law. Full stop.
The legal term is 'distinction without a difference'. Flock/others can't create a weaselly scenario to pretend it's something else. Otherwise people could bypass all kinds of laws/rules just by giving some weaselly description to everything.<p>This also falls under the 2026 rule 'everyone Is 12 Now'. Flock is literally acting like a 12 year old to get out of following the rules. My 12 year old tried to use this dumb parsing of things to avoid rules/consequences.
The problem with this is where do you draw the line? If I film you with my iPhone (e.g. you walk past in the background of my video), Apple should delete my video from my phone and iCloud account based only on your instructions?<p>Apple hold the data in iCloud, Apple (or a phone network) may be leasing me the phone. That sounds pretty similar to the Flock situation.<p>I guess the difference is that flock might be sharing the data from a customers camera with other customers. Then they are definitely controlling it.<p>I think the bigger problem with Flock is the fact that their cyber security is so laughably bad that non-customers can easily access the data.
Not pronouncing about what path is the most distopic, just for the fun of the exercise of what if we push in the direction:<p>Given the rule, I would expect (IANAL), Apple should not deal with data stored on phones they sold.<p>People are responsible for what they store on their device. When I take a photo in the street, if someone come to me asking to erase a photo with them or their kids as they were in the background, I'll tell I don't publish any photo online, which is generally what people are thinking of as a concern and that stop there, but if they insist I will remove it from my phone. Because I'm too lazy to actually live edit the photo and remove them from the picture, even if that is certainly doable with a simple prompt by now.<p>Now if Apple store automatically photo in some remote server they own, they are the ones who should be responsible to comply with making sure they won't store something illegally. Microsoft, Google, and Apple use PhotoDNA to detect known CSAM if I'm not mistaken. Though legally they only should remove once they get a notice about it. Same way, they could proactively blur visages of people not detected as the people that were whitelisted for the uploading account. And, by that logic, they should certainly remove the information regarding a person if they get a notice, just as well as they wouldn't keep CSAM data once notified, would they?<p>Anyway the underlying issue is not who store what, but what societies lose at letting mass surveillance infrastructures being deployed, no matter how the ownership/responsibility dilution game is played on top of it.
Are you using your phone photographs to track my movements? I don't care about the photographs part, I care about the "collecting data that can track my movements" part.<p>I don't mean my movements <i>on the internet</i> either. I understand that those things are easy to track. I mean in real life.<p>As far as responsibility for the data goes, you're right, it's not clear. Therefore, anyone who uses the data -- Flock or their customer -- should be required to delete it on my request.<p>That seems like a pretty clear delineation, no?
If apple collects all the data and track movement then yes, they should be liable.
A reasonably nuanced defense could likely claim that to be able to do what you want, would have much worse side effects on privacy.<p>For example, would you want to be able to tell Public Storage (or some other storage unit place) to remove any naked photos of you stored anywhere in their storage units?<p>For them to actually be able to do that would require they have nigh omniscience on everything stored by/for everyone in every one of their storage units. Even inside closed boxes.<p>Now, it's not the same thing of course - but hopefully you understand what I'm referring to?
Except that the analogy is that they already have, or can easily create, that list. If they couldn’t, their value proposition would be lame. “We know you’re looking for a specific license plate, here’s a million hours of footage from all over the city, have at looking through it all.”
Only for paying customers, which you aren't of course. If those customers paid public storage to inventory their stuff, then that inventory is their property. Surely it would be inappropriate to use their inventory data to find your naked photos. A violation of privacy even. (/s, kinda)<p>I was enumerating the likely defense, not that it's valid.
The law cares about lots of things we don't care about.
This is also true according to their contracts (we were one of the first munis in the country to ostentatiously cancel our Flock contract, and the lead up to that was a bunch of progressive legal experts poring over that contract looking for holes.)
><i>a bunch of progressive legal experts poring over that contract looking for holes</i><p>all attorneys represent their clients; your attorney does not have to share your opinion of the law or public policy, they can still interpret what the law means to you.<p>if you are afraid your attorney might have a bias (they are human) you may get better advice from the "misaligned" POV: the flaws/holes in a privacy law found by a pro-business conservative attorney are more likely to find sympathy in the courts from both fellow conservatives and progressive judges.
As a practical matter, this may be good advice. But it also places a demand on someone with a legitimate concern that they go find an ideological "beard" to make themselves more palatable and sympathetic.<p>It's not hard to see how this enables an institution to gate itself from criticism.
Except that Flock very clearly benefits financially from having direct access to this data: owning (and in their own documentation, they very clearly <i>do</i> own it) a network of 80,000 surveillance devices across the country, and owning every single transit point for the data they collect, is what gets them to a $7.5 billion valuation from investors.<p>The fact of the matter is that Flock is playing two-step with the concept of "ownership" of data. They disclaim ownership as a way to leave local agencies holding the bag for liabilities, but they fight <i>tenaciously</i> to retain complete and unfettered access to that data.<p>(After organizing a community group that won Flock contract cancellations in multiple jurisdictions in Oregon, I went on to coauthor state legislation regulating ALPRs. I am very well familiar with all the dirty ball they play.)<p>Also, Flock's cameras collect more data than is provided to police agencies. Who owns <i>that</i> data, I wonder?
That makes them a data broker in my reading, and at least in California, Data Broker legislation should apply. CA Data Broker registry gives me access denied, but that could be because I am outside US.
> But the data collected is property of the government<p>I thought this was the get-out clause from the constitutional problems with Flock? That because Flock is a non-government organisation it isn't restricted by the constitution (i.e. the constitution only restricts what the government can do).<p>They can't have it both ways - if Flock are collecting the data then they are subject to the privacy laws. If it's the government collecting the data via Flock as just a service, then they are subject to constitutional restrictions.
This is worth validating independently, but to be clear:<p>Are you saying Flock itself does not have access to any of the data, and that the data they store on behalf of local governments is not fed into any central datalake? That every organization's data is completely, unalterably separate from everyone else's?<p>If so, that makes the panopticon <i>slightly</i> less powerful.
That’s a pretty compelling argument, but what if I went round to AWS’ house, peeked into their kitchen, and saw a crate of photos on their table with me in them?<p>I’d absolutely say:<p>“Hey, that’s me! Give me those right now!”<p>I’d also be pretty angry if they told me:<p>“Sorry we’re storing those for Corp Inc. Go ask them.”<p>To refute my own point though, this only <i>sounds</i> annoying because the data processor is being irritating by manually referring me to the data controller. In practice, it would be trivial for them to automatically forward communications between me and the controller.<p>That’s what feels is amiss with the top level article.
If I lease out a property to a tenant (apartment, retail, industrial use, whatever) and that tenant is committing an illegal activity on the property. Would the landlord be liable for knowing it? Or not?<p>"Sorry FBI, the tenant renting my warehouse out to manufacturing cocaine is not my responsibility. I won't do anything about it. You deal with them."<p>Nope, that's a failure of a duty to act and aiding and abetting a criminal activity if you hace constructive knowledge.
I assume they are building "meta-data" profiles of people based on the data they say they can't use directly. That seems like an easy work-around that satisfies the lip-service they've given to the issue.
Yeah but their argument is that if someone takes a photo of you with thier iphone and its uploaded to icloud, you cant ask apple to delete the photo, you need to ask the person who took it
If you go to Rent-A-Center and rent a DSLR, that doesn't make Rent-A-Center responsible for the pictures taken by their cameras.
Your example is apples and oranges. Flock maintains private infrastructure that stores data.<p>If the DSLR uploaded them to Rent-A-Center owned/leased servers it would in fact require Rent-A-Center to take the necessary steps.<p>As Rent-A-Center would be the only group with proper access to data storage they would have inserted themselves into the chain of custody, and thereby have such obligation to ensure others data is wiped from systems they control.
I think if it were only offline storage it would not be as big of an issue. A more accurate analogy would be renting a DSLR that automatically transmits every picture to Rent-A-Center servers.
If Rent-A-Center installed the camera in a bathroom, I'd contend that it does.<p>Flock's cameras aren't in bathrooms. However, they're still recording people who haven't opted into it. ("But you have no expectation of privacy in a public place!" "You have the expectation that someone might inadvertently overhear you. You don't have the expectation that someone is actively recording you at all times.")
> They were saying "don't write to us, talk to the people who own the cameras and ask them to delete the data".<p>The response to this should just be, "Yes, very well, please divulge a complete list of your customers, their contact information, and information about camera locations so I will be able to pursue this per instructions".<p>When that obviously doesn't work either then we can all agree the law as written is completely useless, and feel great about rewriting it in a way that's calculated for maximum damage to both the vendor and their customers, and collateral damage to the whole panopticon. Or, just spitballing here, we can just skip to the punchline here and do all that anyway
> we can all agree the law as written is completely useless<p>But they wont agree, they find the law very nice in its current form, and have more brib.. ehm, lobying money for it to stay that way.
It easily goes both ways. But we do sue American gun makers for deaths caused by lunatics. We sue drug makers for drugs prescribed by a doctor. We sue cloud providers for not reporting illegal photos. Printers are forced to id every printed page to combat counterfeiting. Banks are forced to do close accounts even though it's not their dirty money
> But we do sue American gun makers for deaths caused by lunatics.<p>No we don't, there's a federal law explicitly protecting gun manufacturers from liability for gun crime. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_in_Arms_Act#" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_of_Lawful_Commerce_...</a>
Most of those examples have to do with the manufacturers knowing that their products were dangerous, addictive or illegal and advertising them aggressively as safe. They're mostly litigated on product liability claims. Banks are regulated by an entire architecture of laws, and we could enact laws that would regulate Flock too, as one of the other commenters pointed out they're doing in Oregon.
the way this has been addressed in complex product liability in the past in the USA is that the public-facing Brand Owner has certain legal liability for the product, despite contractors or supply chains. In this case, it appears that the Flock company is the brand owner and is public-facing.
I don’t think you’re informed on the topic. They do not just manufacture cameras.
Isn't this the equivalent of asking Google to delete your image off every Android phone (not just yours)?
Wonder if Flock could be DMCA'd to remove the data they're hosting then? :)
I think you should write them back and ask that they provide you with a customer list and continually update you as they get new customers so that you may follow the advice they've given you.
Wait, is it your data? If you drive your car in front of a Ring camera on my house (I don't have a Ring camera don't @ me), is it your claim that you own the data on that camera?
Did you put up a Ring camera on a stand in front of your house for the specific purpose of selling that I drove past at this specific timestamp? If so, yes. The CCPA[0] gives me explicit legal rights:<p>* The right to know about the personal information a business collects about them and how it is used and shared;<p>* The right to delete personal information collected from them (with some exceptions);<p>* The right to opt-out of the sale or sharing of their personal information including via the GPC;<p>This isn't someone incidentally taking pictures of license plates in an otherwise noncommercial setting. It's a company literally created to collect and sell PII. Laws are different for them than for us.<p>[0]<a href="https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa" rel="nofollow">https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa</a>
I think you're going to find that you're wrong about this, and that you're not going to get anywhere targeting Flock in particular, as opposed to the owners of Flock cameras. Consider that California has had multiple rounds of legislation about red light camera legislation, including new limitations on it, and all of those cameras are also from commercial providers collecting your PII. Your argument proves too much.<p>You're going to get a lot of cheerleading and support about this in venues like HN and Reddit, because you're narrowcasting to an audience already primed to be hyperconcerned about surveillance technology (I am too). I think you're going to find those attitudes do not in fact generalize to the public at large, and especially not to the legal system.<p>Best of luck either way. It'll be an interesting experience to write up, and I'm happy to read about the outcome, even if I do think it's highly predictable.
><i>you're not going to get anywhere targeting Flock in particular, as opposed to the owners of Flock cameras.</i><p>fyi, flock owns the cameras.<p>"<i>We operate using a lease model. What does that mean? Since we own the hardware, we own the problems that occur.</i>"
FWIW, I just did this as an experiment and turned it into a blog post afterward. I didn't really set out with an agenda or a deliberate audience, and I didn't share it here. Don't get me wrong, I'm happy to chat about it! But this ended up here without any special effort on my part.
“Personal information” has a legal definition and photos of you in a public street might not satisfy it, regardless of the photographer’s intent.
Well, it matters if the photographer is the government (or contracted by the government, or subpoenaed by the government): see <i>Chatrie v. United States</i> [0]. The Fourth Amendment exists, and it remains to be tested whether querying massive surveillance networks is a "reasonable" search.<p>[0]: <a href="https://www.scotusblog.com/cases/case-files/chatrie-v-united-states/" rel="nofollow">https://www.scotusblog.com/cases/case-files/chatrie-v-united...</a>
I think it'd be challenging to rule that a license plate number is not personally identifiable information, when the same regulations often state that an IP address is.
"Anyone could have been driving my car, you can't positively identify me in the driver's seat with the evidence you have submitted" is routinely used to toss out cases involving traffic violations. It's not necessarily common but it does happen. By this logic a license plate does not personally identify the person driving, only the person the car is registered to.
Yet the same is true of IP addresses. You (typically) cannot know for certain whether traffic from an IP address was originated by a specific person and yet it's typically considered PII because it can be used in conjunction with other information to identify you.<p>Even your full legal name and birth date cannot be guaranteed to refer only to you specifically (as there could be someone else with an identical name and birth date), but it's obviously still PII because it helps narrow the field immensely if you can combine it with other information - for example, your IP address.<p>So yeah, "anyone could have been driving my car", but if you also know that the car drove from <i>your</i> home to <i>your</i> work then that narrows down the list of likely individuals immensely.<p>Conversely, if your license plate was spotted parked near an anti-ICE rally, then they can be pretty confident that you or someone you know was near an anti-ICE rally, which means they can harass you about it, follow you around, shoot you in the street, etc.
The standard of proving someone's guilt in a crime or civil infraction is higher than the one for inferring that someone could plausibly be the person you want. This is the basis of parallel construction, wherein a government agency plays a game of "pin a crime on the suspect."
Right, but in this context the license plate number is still personal information, just of a different person.
The CCPA explictly says:<p>> “Personal information” does not include [...] Information that a business has a reasonable basis to believe is lawfully made available to the general public by the consumer
Then the key aspect of our discussion is the "identifiable" part, which you've left out.
Or home address, phone number, etc
Indeed, that definition is included in the CCPA.<p>> (v) (1) “Personal information” means information that identifies, relates to, describes, is reasonably capable of being associated with, or could reasonably be linked, directly or indirectly, with a particular consumer or household. Personal information includes, but is not limited to, the following [...]:<p>> (E) Biometric information.<p>> (H) Audio, electronic, visual, thermal, olfactory, or similar information.<p><a href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySection.xhtml?sectionNum=1798.140.&lawCode=CIV" rel="nofollow">https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displaySectio...</a><p>To your point, the intent would presumably still matter for exceptions to when deletion requests must be honored (say for journalism), but a photo of someone walking down a public street would still logically be considered the subject's personal information, by the above definition.
Personal information usually does include photos of someone in public without their consent: exceptions usually hold for taking photos of people where it is in the public interest to be able to show them or impractical to get consent. This covers large gatherings and celebrities, but a portrait photo of a stranger might put you on the wrong side of the law.<p>Obviously, the idea is to not disallow having someone take a photo of you as a background, passing figure as they take a front-and-center photo of their family, but not allow you to be the main subject unknowingly and especially when you object explicitly.<p>On the other hand, a photographer still owns the copyright to a photo, so a subject (including in a portrait) cannot claim it or distribute it without permission even if they can potentially stop the photographer from distributing that photo.<p>IANAL, but you are not by default allowed to use anyone's "likeness" for your individual profit.
> Personal information usually does include photos of someone in public without their consent<p>This is not the case in the United States. There is no presumption of privacy in public. In fact, there is a whole genre known as "street photography" that involves taking pictures in public without explicit consent of the subjects.
This is true, and it may also be true that location tracking through surveillance networks crosses a line into violating one or more Constitutional rights. One of Flock's revenue streams is explicitly selling access to data made available by other customers. A commonly-cited example is the ability of local law enforcement to locate abortion suspects in other states using the Flock camera network [0]; one could imagine dragnet-style or geofenced queries to also cross the line.<p>[0]: <a href="https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/10/flock-safety-and-texas-sheriff-claimed-license-plate-search-was-missing-person-it" rel="nofollow">https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2025/10/flock-safety-and-texas...</a>
People keep making this claim that Flock "explicitly sells access to data", but the link you provided doesn't demonstrate that, and Flock contracts I've read contradict the claim.<p>I think what's happening here is that people are trying to colloquially define "selling access to data" to fit the camera data sharing that Flock enables, and then saying that because you have to pay to be a Flock customer to get access to that data, they're effectively selling it. I don' think that's how data brokerage laws work. Flock doesn't own the data they're providing access to, and they're providing that sharing access with the (<i>avid!</i>) consent of their customers.
You seem to be right, thanks for the correction!<p>If <a href="https://legalclarity.org/can-you-post-someones-picture-without-their-permission/" rel="nofollow">https://legalclarity.org/can-you-post-someones-picture-witho...</a> is to be trusted though, at least you get protection from your likeness being used for commercial purposes, though that seems a bit more limited than I'd expect.
> In fact, there is a whole genre known as "street photography" that involves taking pictures in public without explicit consent of the subjects.<p>Try taking an upskirt photo of someone in public without their explicit consent. You'll find that there are limitations to that under both Federal and State laws.
You’re getting mixed up about commercial use and personal information.
The laws say that data about you is your data, information about you is your information. No one is saying that you "own the data", but by virtue of the data being personal information about you specificially you are allowed to exert control over that data, such as asking for it to be deleted.
I believe you are still the owner of that data, but if you are holding someone's PII — which time of passage, car model and license plates can be argued to be especially with a fixed location — according to privacy regulations, they can ask a <i>business</i> to remove it unless they have a legally acceptable reason to keep it (eg. they hit-and-run a parked vehicle).<p>Now, with you likely not keeping that Ring tied to a business account, how that applies to non-businesses holding PII is a different matter.
Who paid for the camera? If I did with taxpayer dollars then, you're damn right I should have a say.<p>The "my Ring camera" trope is a fun strawman, though.
"Your data" isn't really a well defined term, right?<p>But yes, data that can be used to track my movements in my vehicle is certainly a type of personally identifiable information. I'd argue there should be some exemptions for individuals operating on a small scale, which I believe the CCPA has (and if we actually got a US GDPR, that it should have). But also that kind of exception shouldn't apply to a camera jointly operated by and backhauling to Ring.
It would be revealing to see a judge scrutinize the degree of control Flock maintains over the system and deliberate on whether the company truly is as hands-off as it claims when it comes to privacy obligations.<p>Personally I feel if you're going to build so turnkey a system to facilitate collection of personal data by your customers at the scale Flock seeks, then at a minimum you should build an equally turnkey method to handle requests like the one you made. It would be a service both to their customers and to consumers at large who wish to exercise their rights under legislation to opt out.<p>The fundamental reason we ended up in a world where companies just pay lip service to privacy and don't take it seriously is because consumers / voters put up with it. I'm heartened when I see individuals keyed into the issue.<p>Is there some way to contribute funds toward your legal fees?
it is distinctly against Flock's interests to offer a turnkey system to help people opt out of data collection from among Flock's many customers. It might be a service to the general public, but it certainly would not be a service that Flock's actual customers would generally be interested in, at all
[dead]
Lawsuit challenging Flock's illegal data brokerage:<p><a href="https://www.courthousenews.com/california-drivers-accuse-flock-safety-of-sharing-data-with-federal-and-out-of-state-agencies/" rel="nofollow">https://www.courthousenews.com/california-drivers-accuse-flo...</a>
These laws get complicated quickly. There's a specific ALPR law in the CA civil code which seems to carve out several exceptions for a business like Flock:<p><a href="https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=CIV&division=3.&title=1.81.23.&part=4.&chapter=&article=" rel="nofollow">https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.x...</a><p>The enforcement provisions are rather bleak as well and afford no opportunity to directly bring a case against the agency that operates the system but instead just the individual who misuses it.<p>I think one of the more direct attacks would be going after jurisdictions that chronically have officers misusing the system. I think you're going to have to create precedent in this way to foment actual change.
Nice work all the same. These systems need to be prodded and tested. Even unsuccessful results such as this tell us something about the situation we're in.
This answer is relevant: <a href="https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa#collapse6d" rel="nofollow">https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa#collapse6d</a><p>In short, Flock is a "service provider" and not the entity doing the recording.<p>Perhaps you can make a case that they are a "data broker" instead (<a href="https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa#collapse1i" rel="nofollow">https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa#collapse1i</a>), but that is a separate law, and what you are really looking at is a combination of license plate, time and location being collected as data being collected and sold without your consent.<p>Obviously, I am not a lawyer (and not even US-based), but I like when privacy is respected :)
The data ownership is really interesting, as many threads here are going into. I wonder if it's possible to sidestep that entirely, though! Under the CCPA, "personal information" is defined as information that identifies, relates to, describes, is reasonably capable of being associated with, or could reasonably be linked — directly or indirectly — with a particular consumer or household. That says nothing about ownership.<p>To the extent that Flock is only storing the data on behalf of their customers, I'd understand they wouldn't be required to delete it. But to the extent that they are indexing it, deriving from it, aggregating it across customers, and sharing it via their platform, it seems they should be required to remove that data from those services.<p>But then again, I am not a lawyer!
> which seems to directly oppose the CCPA.<p>I have some background in data privacy compliance.<p>It sounds like they are claiming to be a Service Provider under CCPA, which is similar to a Processor under GDPR. Long story short, a Controller is the one legally responsible for ensuring the rights of the data subject, and a service provider/processor is a "dumb pipe" for a Controller that does what they're told. So IF they are actually a Service Provider, they're correct that the legal responsibility for CCPA belongs to their customers and not them.<p>That's a big IF, though.<p>Being a Processor/Service Providor means trade-offs. The data you collect isn't yours, you're not allowed to benefit from it. If Flock aggregates data from one customer and sells that aggregate to a different customer, they're no longer just a service provider. They're using data for their own purposes, and cannot claim to be "just" a service provider.
It’s not clear to me that it is actually your data. If I take a picture of you in a public place, I own the picture, not you.<p>But maybe I am unclear on how Flock works.
Setting aside Flock, the "ownership" situation is not as clear as you say above.<p>What you own is the image copyright. But the right to copy is only one of the rights at issue.<p>Under various state laws (California in particular), you might not be entitled to do all the things with that picture that you could do of one that doesn't have my likeness. Privacy laws like the CCPA are one possible carve-out. A "right of publicity" is another.<p>There's an old saying about property law that "property is a bundle of sticks". The bundle can be subdivided.<p><a href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/publicity" rel="nofollow">https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/publicity</a>
Isn't flock's whole thing that they extract information from the pictures they have?<p>Like, say I have an interview in your office and you step out for coffee. I take a picture of the applicant list on your desk. That doesn't make the list of applicants "my data".
>I take a picture of the applicant list on your desk. That doesn't make the list of applicants "my data".<p>If the list is sitting there out in the open, then yes, it does make it your data.
Well, maybe not. A reasonable person might not think that about that applicant list. I bet you could make a different argument for taking a picture versus memorizing the list too.<p>The legal system thrives on specifics of a situation, so simply asserting that the list of applicants is or is not "yours" because you can see it seems like a gross oversimplification. The specifics of how you came to be there, what your relationship with the officeholder is, and so on probably matters a lot in that situation and I think there might be some unwritten rules or social norms that you'd be expected to follow as well.
You also might not be considered a commercial entity under the law. It's a bit more nuanced and the words written in a particular statute have to be interpreted together. So statements about "commercial entities" have to be limited to such entities even if we'd really like to be able to go to our neighbor's house and ask them to delete all of the surveillance they have of our cars driving up and down the street in front of their house. I think these laws are often narrowly written to avoid unintended consequences like de-facto banning private operation of surveillance systems on private property.
Read a few of your posts. Just wanted to comment on how I like your to-the-point succinct style and how you care about privacy. :)<p>As a suggestion, I saw you have RSS:<p><a href="https://honeypot.net/feed.xml" rel="nofollow">https://honeypot.net/feed.xml</a><p>I didn't see it mentioned in the main page or About or Archive. Maybe add it to a more visible place?
maybe eff.org would be able to help you lawyer up or otherwise to push this forward. good luck!
I've reached out, albeit very informally. I'll completely understand if this isn't something they have the time and energy to help with. If I accidentally caught them at a weak moment when they're looking for something to do, though, I'm all in.
I am not a lawyer myself but can't one argue that this company has duty to ensure that data it is processing for client is legally obtained.<p>If they are processing data after being told it was not obtained with consent do they not have any liability?
You know... you might have some success getting LeaglEagle involved, especially since they'd make money on the attention it would bring. Benn Jordan would probably love to be an expert witness.
Under GDPR, I believe that would be accurate. I <i>think</i> CCPA was to some extent inspired by GDPR so I wouldn't be surprised if they copied this point too.<p>Which, hilariously, means that under GDPR, you only need to contact the web site, and <i>they</i> have to go talk to their 1207 partners that value your privacy to fulfill your request (I'm sure that in practice they'll say "sorry it's all 'anonymous' so we can't" or "we can't be sure that it's you even though you provided the identifier from your cookies"). I'm really disappointed that NOYB hasn't started going after web sites like that - that's quickly put a damper on the whole web surveillance economy.
Police departments, courts, and similar entities are not subject to CCPA in the same way companies are.
You might reach out to the California AG. I suspect they are itching for this kind of thing right now.
In GDPR terms, the point they're making is that people who own Flock hardware are the Data Controllers, and Flock act only as Data Processors. I'm not sure how (whether?) those roles map to the CCPA, and whether any court of law would agree with them is up for discussion, but at least the concept is not <i>completely</i> absurd.<p>Of course, the word "owner" is almost rage baiting on their part.
I tried the same, got a similar response, and complained to the AG. Nothing.
Send it to EFF - they are big in California..
The CCPA clearly violates the 1st Amendment. If you're out in public, then people are allowed to see you, to remember it, to communicate that it happened, etc.
> <i>Congress</i> shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.<p>This is the entire text of the first amendment. Congress did not make the CCPA. The first amendment is irrelevant.
Technically the first amendment also does not prevent Congress from saying you're not allowed to remember or see things, either, though likely there's other laws about this and/or an assumption that Congress will not make laws against thought crime and reality.
Not exactly. One can be charged with stalking, even though the offender only went to places in public that the victim also went to. If combined with a pattern of behavior that, in aggregate, infringes upon the rights of the target, it can become a crime.
>It's my data, not their customers'.<p>Just because data is about you, that doesn't mean it is your data.
you may be minunderstanding the california consumer privacy act (ccpa). in the ccpa, personal data is defined as:<p><i>"Personal information is information that identifies, relates to, or could reasonably be linked with you or your household."</i><p>and, you <i>do</i> have the rights set forth in the ccpa (know, delete, correct, limit exposure, etc.) regarding that data.
Isn't this just the routine fascist playbook at this point? Start by declaring that the law doesn't even apply to them, on whatever flimsiest of bases.<p>Personally I would really like to see torts for attorneys who willfully promulgate blatantly incorrect legal interpretations - they're effectively providing incorrect legal advice. A non-attorney is likely to believe such advice coming from a member of the Bar, and the net goal is to discourage the target from seeking further legal advice.
I noticed that the company is glossed as "Flock" and not "Flock Safety (YC S17)" in posts like this and last week's "US cities are axing Flock Safety surveillance technology", <a href="https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47689237">https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47689237</a>.<p>Did YC house style change a while back to drop the "(YC xxx)" annotation since so many popular firms particpate / or because it's well known?
Who know, maybe they're trying to distance themselves from the privacy disaster, but I doubt anyone at YC or HN is smart enough to read the room on Flock.
I see less of it now across the board but note that this headline was almost certainly created by the story's submitter; it's not like there's an automated process to apply the label.
There are definitely some automatic formatting rules for titles though.<p>E.g. capitalization or one that removes any "How" from the beginning of a title. When I wanted to submit "How Pizza Tycoon simulated traffic on a 25 MHz CPU" I had to edit it after posting or it would have said "Pizza Tycoon simulated traffic on a 25 MHz CPU", which doesn't make any sense.
Likely the person didn't know they were part of YC (I didn't).
Flock has stonewalled with the "we are not the controllers" excuse here in MN too. We have similar rights to opt-out and delete under the MCDPA [0].<p>[0] <a href="https://ag.state.mn.us/Data-Privacy/Consumer/" rel="nofollow">https://ag.state.mn.us/Data-Privacy/Consumer/</a>
Remember that the difference between "Flock can do whatever the hell it wants" and "Flock is required to delete your data at your request" is a law. Citizens vote for legislators. If you want this to be a higher priority for your legislators, buy them off.<p>Or vote for/against them, that might work too.
I think you're going to have a hard time with this...<p>Flock seems to leave the data in ownership of the government. They are just providing the service of being custodians for storing and accessing that data.<p>You probably would get a similar response by submitting your request to Amazon web services or Google cloud or whoever has Flocks data: "sorry, we're just holding the data on behalf of Flock"<p>In either my example case or your stated case, you would have a very hard time convincing the host business to destroy their customers data without a court order or court case that shows their policy is invalid and they must comply.<p>Not a lawyer, just noting the parallel.<p>I do appreciate that Flock's response says that they cannot use the data they've collected for other purposes.. which further reinforces my cloud storage analogy -- the cloud vendor can't look at your data you upload to storage to e.g. build profiles on you/your business.
“United States v. Jones, 565 U.S. 400 (2012), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that installing a Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking device on a vehicle and using the device to monitor the vehicle's movements constitutes a search under the Fourth Amendment”<p><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)" rel="nofollow">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Jones_(2012)</a>
<a href="https://www.flocksafety.com/legal/lpr-policy" rel="nofollow">https://www.flocksafety.com/legal/lpr-policy</a><p>> In accordance with its Terms and Conditions, Flock Safety may access, use, preserve and/or disclose the LPR data to law enforcement authorities, government officials, and/or third parties, if legally required to do so or if Flock has a good faith belief that such access, use, preservation or disclosure is reasonably necessary to comply with a legal process, enforce the agreement between Flock and the customer, or detect, prevent or otherwise address security, privacy, fraud or technical issues. Additionally, Flock uses a fraction of LPR images (less than one percent), which are stripped of all metadata and identifying information, solely for the purpose of improving Flock Services through machine learning.<p>In this document, to which they linked in their reply, it says clearly "address ... privacy ... issues."<p>Does your case not constitute a privacy issue? I would say so.<p>Continuing down below, their claim on "Trust Us" about how they employ machine learning would need some proper transparency into how can that be guaranteed.
> Continuing down below, their claim on "Trust Us" about how they employ machine learning would need some proper transparency into how can that be guaranteed.<p>Wait til you see their "Transparency Portal" which, if my County and neighboring can be used as a sample size, doesn't even name at least 30% of agencies using Flock.
The only opt-out the citizenry has is with any of the following:<p><pre><code> 2x4
rebar
spraypaint
spray foam
battery powered metal cutter
</code></pre>
And bash those pieces of shit to chunks or completely ruin the lens and solar.<p>Republican community? They love corporate surveillance. Democrat community? They too love corporate surveillance.<p>There is no "Peoples' Party" that rejects this garbage.
All materials available at major home improvement centers - which happen to be very popular Flock camera locations.
<a href="https://www.techspot.com/news/108045-lidar-great-cars-but-can-permanently-damage-cameras.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.techspot.com/news/108045-lidar-great-cars-but-ca...</a><p>It would be a pity if someone made dense point clouds of these devices.
One could start doing tours of their city to show tourists where each and every camera is. They're kinda small though, it might be worth a strong laser pointer so you can direct their attention to the cameras easily...
It would be a pity if someone created a little laser that aims an infrared beam at these cameras as you drive. The beam would be invisible to the human eye and quite hard for anyone to notice what's going on
I have a better idea: we should invest in ladders and tools to safely and cleanly take them down. Then mail them back to flock with a note saying "I found this on the side of the road and thought you might want it back."
[dead]
Per my understanding of the law for these sorts of data collectors, at least in the U.S., you need to contact the local municipalities (Flock's customers) for this redaction and the jurisprudence is governed at the state and municipal level.<p>The best source of this information is <a href="https://deflock.org/" rel="nofollow">https://deflock.org/</a> . FWIW, this is run by a neighbor in Boulder, CO which has been wrestling with the use of these cameras.
How did we get to allowing this in the USA? I remember the zeitgeist used to be to make fun of China's mass surveillance / social credit system, and ten years ago proposing to build something like this in the USA would be unthinkable. It's wild that we're just willingly sliding into the same system here too.
> ten years ago proposing to build something like this in the USA would be unthinkable<p>I think you have your history a bit mixed up. In 2013, Snowden exposed the PRISM program and nobody gave a rat's ass. It was the clear and booming signal that nobody really cares about privacy in the US, and a clear signal that fascist interests have an opportunity to expand. I think Flock would have done really well back then. There is a long, bloody road of futile fighting against the surveillance machine the US has become.<p>We love to elevate ourselves above China while engaging in many of the same behaviors (although our version of insidious mass surveillance is privatized, which magically makes it better).<p>All that to say, adjust your timeline by a decade or two and your statement is correct again.
It's been bad since the patriot act.
If that's a valid excuse than the CCPA isn't worth the paper its written on.
I would argue that the request was invalid in the first place.<p>If I see a flash on a speed camera operated by a business on behalf of a police department, your argument states I should be able to use CCPA to force the business to delete my picture and the record of me speeding If I can get the request to them before the police can file with the court and request that data as evidence.<p>The data belongs to the government, and you can't get around that right by going to business that holds the data and asking them to delete it.
> <i>If I see a flash on a speed camera operated by a business on behalf of a police department, your argument states I should be able to use CCPA to force the business to delete my picture and the record of me speeding If I can get the request to them before the police can file with the court and request that data as evidence.</i><p>Sounds reasonable to me. If the police want to put up a camera, then the police should put up a camera.<p>Offloading their legal responsibilities to a third party company is shitty.
"Hey private prison please delete all data you have about me. And by the way, I'm locked up here by accident. Please release me."
Honestly private prisons are a farce anyways, so yeah this seems valid to me. The government doesn't get to get out of its obligations to citizens by outsourcing to third parties, and third parties don't get to wield government-level authority without government-level accountability.
So police departments should have to develop and host all their administrative software also? I think we can all see why that would be a terrible idea. Police are like any other government agency or business in that they contract with the private sector for a variety of services that are not in their area of expertise.
> <i>So police departments should have to develop and host all their administrative software also?</i><p>Yes. We're in an high technology and information age. Police should be well-versed and capable of understanding the technologies and informations that people use.<p>> <i>I think we can all see why that would be a terrible idea.</i><p>I don't.<p>> <i>Police are like any other government agency or business in that they contract with the private sector for a variety of services that are not in their area of expertise.</i><p>Why shouldn't police (or some law enforcement agency) be capable of operating and maintaining law enforcement technologies?
Develop, no. Host, yes. They should buy, own, and operate any technology like this on-prem. The only involvement that 3rd-party tech should have is sales, tech support, and maybe blind, encrypted backups accessible only by the municipality.
In other countries, police contract companies to develop software and run and manage the software themselves. Putting up a continental drag net to sell to government agencies is something I've only heard of from the US.<p>Nobody is saying cops should be writing software, but Flock shouldn't have access to the data and analysis tools it has right now. If American police can afford to be armed similarly to a small army, surely they can pay to run a couple of servers in a basement somewhere.<p>I'm surprised the USA is letting this happen given the culture of individual freedom that seems to have traditionally driven American laws.
But we're not talking about speed cameras or a private entity with exclusive contract with the police to provide traffic enforcement.<p>We're talking about Flock. A company offering surveillance as a service. Per their website:<p>>Trusted by over 12,000 public safety customers including cities, towns, counties, and business partners.<p>If Flock's argument holds then most of the CCPA be circumvented this same way. All it takes is a few entities and clever contract language.
Except the data does NOT belong to the government, that's the whole point of Flock operating the way it does. It's not governmental data collection it's data collection by a <i>private</i> company that is then <i>made available</i> to the government upon request. And yeah: it is <i>literally</i> allowed to delete data, because again: it's not a government agency, it's <i>just</i> private data, collected by a private company, with the exact same status as you recording an public intersection with a camera from your window.
The rule of any documentation is that it is out of date as soon as the ink is dry. By the time a regulation is enacted, workarounds/loopholes have already been found (if not intentionally worked into it).
If Flock collects and processes PII data, then all their customers are "subprocessors". Flock should really have a Data Processing Agreement with their subprocessors, to legally ensure they follow the same PII handling controls as Flock does.<p>For example, if Flock receives a legitimate request to delete some data, then Flock must forward that request to all their Data Processors (e.g. including AWS/GCP/Cloudflare) and they must delete it as well.
<a href="https://trackbill.com/bill/california-senate-bill-274-automated-license-plate-recognition-systems/2647111/" rel="nofollow">https://trackbill.com/bill/california-senate-bill-274-automa...</a><p>And Newsom killed this for some reason
I'm not sure how this request even makes sense. By the logic of the demand made here, a municipality can set up an ALPR system to record evidence of crimes (after the grim failure of Flock's alerting in Oak Park where I live, we rolled Flock back to a configuration where that was all it was used for), and random people can mail Flock to be exempted from that evidence collection.<p>It's good to want things, and I get why people want this specific thing, but the logic that says this is a viable demand under current law seems like it would prove <i>way</i> too much.
An interesting quandary here is that they'd need to constantly scan for you and your vehicle, etc. so that they could know it was you then delete you. So to ensure they don't observe you, they need to observe you.
It’s fascinating how America could completely get rid of Flock cameras by sending criminals to prison and leaving them there, but we won’t do that so we have these endless arguments about these cameras.
tldr; holding powerful people accountable is very hard.<p>Take Cheney's post-911 warrantless wiretapping program. You had Bush's own top DOJ officials threatening to resign over it in 2004, and Jim Risen with a story about it ready to publish in the NYT <i>before</i> the 2004 election. But not only was the White House able to stave off the resignations (IIRC through some tepid FISA oversight of the program), they got NYT editor Bill Keller to scuttle the story on vague national security grounds. (NYT reluctantly published it <i>after</i> the election only because Risen threatened to scoop them in his upcoming book.)<p>Then in 2008, Obama claimed the need to "look forward, not backward" wrt this and the Iraq War. Plus his admin renewed Bush's subpoena against Risen on another national intelligence story he'd done!<p>Any effort to hold Cheney or the Bush administration accountable for this would have had to battle both parties at the same time as educating the public on the issue, <i>without</i> the help of and backing of media institutions like the NYT.<p>I'd be fascinated to hear how anyone in America could seriously make the case that such an indictment could ever be achieved. Even now, decades after the fact when the base of both parties has absolutely nothing but disdain for people like Dick Cheney. But that's just one old example out of many-- current ones obviously are harder since people currently in power tend to be implicated.
I'm trying to understand the argument here. Are you saying that never releasing convicted criminals would <i>completely</i> eliminate crime?<p>That doesn't seem correct, even leaving aside the obvious moral issues with that.
My interpretation was that they were saying Flock were criminals who should be sent away for good. I don't know if that's right but it would be consistent that way.
Not never releasing convicted criminals, but 1) not letting any crime go without at least 1 day in jail 2) doubling the penalty on each successive offense would incapacitate a huge number of serial offenders
I don’t really understand this response. I thought the entire business model of Flock was about circumventing the Fourth amendment by posing as a separate vendor selling information it has collected, rather than acting as an agent of the government.<p>Are they describing third entities that are between Flock and the government end consumers, when they talk about customers that own the data?
Flock's customers own the data the same way Uber drivers are independent contractors, i.e. it's designed for weaseling out of obligations.
I've had the same kind of response from Email providers like Sendgrid, they claim its not their data. There is no way to have Sendgrid block you in their entire network, you have to play whack-a-mole with their customers. Seems like a flaw in these privacy laws when you can't ask the actual record holder to remove the records.
They seem to be implying that because they are a "service provider," they aren't responsible for complying with CCPA rules even though they are the ones with the data.<p>Does this hold water? I'm reading the CCPA rules now but if anyone knows, it would save me some tedious research.
See point 7 at <a href="https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa" rel="nofollow">https://oag.ca.gov/privacy/ccpa</a>
I guess if one likens it to AWS S3 holding your data on behalf of Apple it makes sense
Feels like a classic “we’re just the processor” answer
But in reality you have no way to find or contact whoever actually controls the data, so it doesn’t really help. Kind of shows the gap between how the law works on paper vs how these systems work in practice.
This reminds me of the Andrew Yang's "Data Dividend" project that ideally would have paid end users for their data rather than knowingly giving it aware for free. IMO, it was a great idea but flawed execution against all the lobbying.
Back in 2018, CloudFormation data leaked through a public gist (misconfigured gist plugin, I thought the gist was private but it wasn't... I had change the default config) and showed up on an obscure website being served via CloudFlare. When I contacted CF, they claimed they couldn’t remove the cached content because their system “doesn’t work like that". I pushed back and then they said that they're not responsible for the content and that I should send another email to abuse@cf... to get data about the hosting provider and deal with the content provider (e.g. VPS, ISP, whatever). After a few back and forth msgs, I made it clear that if the data wasn’t taken down within a week or so, I would escalate the issue to the local and German GDPR authority (see <a href="https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/european-network-of-ombudsmen/members/regional-ombudsmen" rel="nofollow">https://www.ombudsman.europa.eu/en/european-network-of-ombud...</a>).<p>And what do you know? I got not reply, but the content disappeared in ~48hrs.
Lot of Flock Defenders in here.
Not Flock defenders, just people explaining how this is not a CCPA violation. I could set up 100 cameras around town (with property owners permission) and record cars driving by, birds, etc all day. Then I could sell access to that footage to whoever I want. If they want to scrape license plates that's up to the customer and their problem. Or if they want to track birds, cool, that could be in the frame too.
It gets a little weird when you explicitly market them for a purpose, though. Flock doesn't advertise a fleet of cameras suitable for birdwatching or other random activities. They market them specifically for the collection and processing of PII.<p>By analogy, Google Docs isn't marketed for healthcare use. If you wanted, you could put a bunch of PHI in a Google doc and it wouldn't be their responsibility. They certainly didn't tell you to do that. However, if they marketed Google Docs as a great place to store PHI, yeah, then suddenly they're on the hook for complying with the relevant laws like HIPAA.<p>(Although in this case Google <i>will</i> sign a HIPAA business associate agreement with you and voluntarily agree to comply. They still don't market it that way, or at least don't predominantly do so.)
The concept of what constitutes a sale under CCPA is pretty expansive. An exchange of value can be a sale that occurs outside of a processing relationship. I’d say their note is inaccurate.
It's not much worse than all the tracking adtech used by FAANG industry. Smartest people in the world working on these systems.
I don't think they need your permission to use ALPR on your publicly displayed license plate.<p>> (2) (A) “Personal information” does not include publicly available information [...]<p>> (B) (i) For purposes of this paragraph, “publicly available” means any of the following:<p>> (I) Information that is lawfully made available from federal, state, or local government records.<p>> (II) Information that a business has a reasonable basis to believe is lawfully made available to the general public by the consumer
To me this sounds like the equivalent of visiting a website that sells your data, and then asking AWS to delete your personal data when it actually belongs to a customer of theirs and only resides within their private storage.<p>Would you ask your local ISP to delete data they provided to Tinder like your IP address? That doesn't make sense to me.
As I understand it, the author wrote to Flock as they are the entity collecting the PII. Your analogy would only make sense if the author had written to Flock's customers (and even then it's a rather strained comparison).
> they are the entity collecting the PII<p>I'm not convinced this is the case. It might be equipment made by them, but does that necessarily mean they were ever even in possession of the data in question?<p>Would you ask the manufacturer of your oven what you ate for dinner last week? No, you're just using an appliance that they made.<p>In the case of Flock I don't think we have any evidence of whether Flock themselves ever hold or store any data produced by their devices when operated by a customer.
Yeah I was getting the same feeling. I wonder if an equivalent request to California police agencies that contract Flock technologies would work though.
Yes, I have asked multiple companies to destroy my data under GDPR. Its quite common in Europe.
Happy to contribute to your lawyer fund. I want to see how this plays out.
We truly need a constitutional amendment granting a formal right to privacy.
Isn't that how it should work?<p>If you write the police and ask them to delete all their data about you, that isn't a thing that they do. It shouldn't matter if the police store their data on AWS or their own servers.<p>Flock is a tool used by the police so it should work the same way.
You're right are exemptions for both GDPR [0] and the CCPA [1] where organizations aren't obligated to comply with erasure requests if it would limit their ability to prevent or investigate crimes, fraud, or similar matters.<p>But that's not what Flock is claiming. They're claiming that they don't even have to consider the request because they don't own the data.<p>[0] <a href="https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/exemptions/a-guide-to-the-data-protection-exemptions/" rel="nofollow">https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-re...</a><p>[1] <a href="https://www.clarip.com/data-privacy/ccpa-erasure-exemptions/" rel="nofollow">https://www.clarip.com/data-privacy/ccpa-erasure-exemptions/</a>
it would be nice if flock did not and could not exist
Sent to Benn Jordan:<p><a href="https://i.ibb.co/WWWYznHX/flock-future.png" rel="nofollow">https://i.ibb.co/WWWYznHX/flock-future.png</a><p>See also a poster from IBM’s German subsidiary, circa 1934. The approximate translation: “See everything with Hollerith punch cards.”<p><a href="https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/opinion/op-eds/new-details-of-ibm-role-in-holocaust/article_d08dab3c-6ee0-11e1-b9f2-0019bb2963f4.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/opinion/op-eds/new-detai...</a>
[dead]
[dead]